Toward Measuring Geographical Belongingness in a Mobile, Hybrid Globe – Development of a Place-Belongingness Scale Among Immigrants

Abstract

Place-belongingness, defined as the subjective sense of belonging to a geographic location, influences both individual well-being and community resilience. Researchers have developed interventions to foster place-belongingness, particularly among immigrants at risk of socio-spatial exclusion. However, quantitative tools to assess these interventions remain scarce. Single-item indicators cannot capture the complexity of this multidimensional concept. To address this gap, we present a validated place-belongingness scale as an initial step toward a composite indicator. The scale draws on survey data from N = 270 immigrants worldwide and was examined using exploratory factor analysis. Findings show that place-belongingness can be assessed through four factors: feeling at home, feeling accepted, feeling empowered, and feeling secure. We situate these results within the broader literature to highlight the scale’s contribution. The tool can inform policy and placemaking practices that respond to challenges of globalization, migration, and digitization. Finally, we discuss the study’s limitations and provide guidance for administrators and respondents on using and scoring the scale.